Profilo di efficacia e sicurezza degli IPP: bibliografia

L’automedicazione e la responsabilizzazione del paziente stanno assumendo importanza crescente come strumenti fondamentali per affrontare le sfide poste dall’aumento dei costi sanitari in tutto il mondo. In Italia sono molto comuni disturbi frequenti di bruciore di stomaco e fino al 13% della popolazione in età lavorativa riferisce sintomi di bruciore. In considerazione di questa elevata prevalenza, l’automedicazione del bruciore frequente costituisce una valida opportunità che consente ai medici di medicina generale e agli specialisti di concentrare la loro attività sui casi più complessi. (Dott. Enzo Ubaldi, Tema farmacia n 2, 2015)

BIBLIOGRAFIA
1. Delaney BC. Review article: prevalence and epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20 Suppl 8:2-4.
2. Valle C, Broglia F, Pistorio A, Tinelli C, Perego M. Prevalence and impact of symptoms suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44:1848-1852.
3. Pacini F, Calabrese C, Cipolletta L, et al. Burden of illness in Italian patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21:495-502.
4. McRorie JW, Jr., Gibb RD, Miner PB, Jr. Evidence-based treatment of frequent heartburn: the benefits and limitations of over-the-counter medications. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2014;26:330-339.
5. Hunt R, Quigley E, Abbas Z, et al. Coping with common gastrointestinal symptoms in the community: a global perspective on heartburn, constipation, bloating, and abdominal pain/discomfort may 2013. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48:567-578.
6. Miner PB, Jr., Allgood LD, Grender JM. Comparison of gastric pH with omeprazole magnesium 20.6 mg (Prilosec OTC) o.m. famotidine 10 mg (Pepcid AC) b.d. and famotidine 20 mg b.d. over 14 days of treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25:103-109.
7. Sharma VK, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing standard clinical doses of omeprazole and lansoprazole in erosive oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15:227-231.
8. Fass R, Shapiro M, Dekel R, Sewell J. Systematic review: proton-pump inhibitor failure in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease–where next? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:79-94.
9. Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1383-1391.
10. Caro JJ, Salas M, Ward A. Healing and relapse rates in gastroesophageal reflux disease treated with the newer proton-pump inhibitors lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and pantoprazole compared with omeprazole, ranitidine, and placebo: evidence from randomized clinical trials. Clin Ther. 2001;23:998-1017.
11. Shaker R, Castell DO, Schoenfeld PS, Spechler SJ. Nighttime heartburn is an under-appreciated clinical problem that impacts sleep and daytime function: the results of a Gallup survey conducted on behalf of the American Gastroenterological Association. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:1487-1493.
12. Gerson LB, Fass R. A systematic review of the definitions, prevalence, and response to treatment of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:372-378.
13. Dean BB, Aguilar D, Johnson LF, et al. Night-time and daytime atypical manifestations of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: frequency, severity and impact on health-related quality of life. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:327-337.
14. Farup C, Kleinman L, Sloan S, et al. The impact of nocturnal symptoms associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease on health-related quality of life. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:45-52.
15. Johnson D, Crawley JA, Hwang C, Brown K. Clinical trial: esomeprazole for moderate-to-severe nighttime heartburn and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease-related sleep disturbances. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32:182-190.
16. Johnson DA, Orr WC, Crawley JA, et al. Effect of esomeprazole on nighttime heartburn and sleep quality in patients with GERD: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1914-1922.
17. Shaheen NJ, Madanick RD, Alattar M, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease as an etiology of sleep disturbance in subjects with insomnia and minimal reflux symptoms: a pilot study of prevalence and response to therapy. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53:1493-1499.
18. Yi CH, Chen CL, Kuo TB, Yang CC. The effect of acid suppression on sleep and cardiac autonomic regulation in GERD. Hepatogastroenterology. 2008;55:1649-1652.
19. Kulig M, Leodolter A, Vieth M, et al. Quality of life in relation to symptoms in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease– an analysis based on the ProGERD initiative. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:767-776.
20. Holtmann G, Chassany O, DeVault KR, et al. International validation of a health-related quality of life questionnaire in patients with erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29:615-625.
21. van Zanten SJ, Henderson C, Hughes N. Patient satisfaction with medication for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Can J Gastroenterol. 2012;26:196-204.
22. Egapal [Italian summary of product characteristics]. Origgio, Italy: Sandoz SpA Largo U; 2012.
23. Nexium Control [summary of product characteristics]. Kent, United Kingdom: Pfizer Consumer Healthcare Ltd.; 2014.
24. Pantoloc Control [summary of product characteristics]. Konstanz, Germany: Takeda GmbH; 2014.
25. Allgood LD, Grender JM, Shaw MJ, Peura DA. Comparison of Prilosec OTC (omeprazole magnesium 20.6 mg) to placebo for 14 days in the treatment of frequent heartburn. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2005;30:105-112.
26. Jones R, Crouch SL. Low-dose lansoprazole provides greater relief of heartburn and epigastric pain than low-dose omeprazole in patients with acid-related dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13:413-419.
27. van Zyl JH, de KG, van Rensburg CJ, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of 20 mg pantoprazole versus 300 mg ranitidine in patients with mild reflux-oesophagitis: a randomized, double-blind, parallel, and multicentre study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;12:197-202.
28. Dettmer A, Vogt R, Sielaff F, Luhmann R, Schneider A, Fischer R. Pantoprazole 20 mg is effective for relief of symptoms and healing of lesions in mild reflux oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12:865-872.
29. Peura DA, Traxler B, Kocun C, Lind T. Esomeprazole treatment of frequent heartburn: two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Postgrad Med. 2014;126:33-41.
30. Haag S, Holtmann G. Onset of relief of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: post hoc analysis of two previously published studies comparing pantoprazole 20 mg once daily with nizatidine or ranitidine 150 mg twice daily. Clin Ther. 2010;32:678-690.
31. Kushner PR, Snoddy AM, Gilderman L, Peura DA. Lansoprazole 15 mg once daily for 14 days is effective for treatment of frequent heartburn: results of 2 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies. Postgrad Med. 2009;121:67-75.
32. Corinaldesi R, Valentini M, Belaiche J, Colin R, Geldof H, Maier C. Pantoprazole and omeprazole in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis: a European multicentre study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1995;9:667-671.
33. Eisen SA, Miller DK, Woodward RS, Spitznagel E, Przybeck TR. The effect of prescribed daily dose frequency on patient medication compliance. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:1881-1884.
34. Hassan-Alin M, Andersson T, Bredberg E, Rohss K. Pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole after oral and intravenous administration of single and repeated doses to healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;56:665-670.
35. Tonini M, Vigneri S, Savarino V, Scarpignato C. Clinical pharmacology and safety profile of esomeprazole, the first enantiomerically pure proton pump inhibitor. Dig Liver Dis. 2001;33:600-606.
36. Katz P, Dent J, Kahrilas P, et al. Daytime intragastric pH with esomeprazole 20 mg: new comparative analyses with other proton pump inhibitors omeprazole 20 mg, lansoprazole 15 mg, and pantoprazole 20 mg [abstract 159]. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:S50.
37. Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, Dent J, Jones R. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1900-1920.
38. Simonson W. Implications of over-the-counter proton pump inhibitors for patient counseling by pharmacists. Am J Ther. 2013;20:676-684.
39. Layke JC, Lopez PP. Esophageal cancer: a review and update. Am Fam Physician. 2006;73:2187-2194.
40. Katelaris P, Holloway R, Talley N, Gotley D, Williams S, Dent J. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in adults: guidelines for clinicians. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;17:825-833.
41. Haag S, Andrews JM, Katelaris PH, et al. Management of reflux symptoms with over-the-counter proton pump inhibitors: issues and proposed guidelines. Digestion. 2009;80:226-234.
42. Ruigomez A, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Wallander MA, Johansson S, Graffner H, Dent J. Natural history of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease diagnosed in general practice. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:751-760.
43. Ruigomez A, Rodriguez LA, Wallander MA, Johansson S, Dent J. Endoscopic findings in a cohort of newly diagnosed gastroesophageal reflux disease patients registered in a UK primary care database. Dis Esophagus. 2008;21:251-256.
44. Wayman J, Hayes N, Griffin SM. The response of early gastric cancer to proton-pump inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1924-1925.
45. Wayman J, Hayes N, Raimes SA, Griffin SM. Prescription of proton pump inhibitors before endoscopy. A potential cause of missed diagnosis of early gastric cancers. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:385-388.
46. Tosetti C, Bellentani S, Benedetto E, Ubaldi E, Cardin F, Bozzani A. The management of patients with new onset of upper gastro-intestinal symptoms in primary care. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42:860-864.
47. Talley NJ, Vakil N. Guidelines for the management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:2324-2337.
48. Mason JM, Delaney B, Moayyedi P, Thomas M, Walt R. Managing dyspepsia without alarm signs in primary care: new national guidance for England and Wales. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:1135-1143.
49. Fendrick AM, Shaw M, Schachtel B, et al. Self-selection and use patterns of over-the-counter omeprazole for frequent heartburn. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:17-21.
50. Harris BN, West DS, Johnson J, Hong SH, Stowe CD. Effects on the cost and utilization of proton pump inhibitors from adding over-the counter omeprazole to drug benefit coverage in a state employee health plan. J Manag Care Pharm. 2004;10:449-455.
51. West DS, Johnson JT, Hong SH. A 30-month evaluation of the effects on the cost and utilization of proton pump inhibitors from adding omeprazole OTC to drug benefit coverage in a state employee health plan. J Manag Care Pharm. 2006;12:25-32.
52. Cohen JP, Paquette C, Cairns CP. Switching prescription drugs to over the counter. BMJ. 2005;330:39-41.
53. The Epposi Barometer: Consumer Perceptions of Self Care in Europe. Quantitative Study 2013. Brussels, Belgium: Epposi; 2014.
54. Harrington P, Shepherd MD. Analysis of the movement of prescription drugs to over-the-counter status. J Manag Care Pharm. 2002;8:499-508.
55. Cuzzolin L, Benoni G. Safety of non-prescription medicines: knowledge and attitudes of Italian pharmacy customers. Pharm World Sci. 2010;32:97-102.
56. Holtmann G, Bigard MA, Malfertheiner P, Pounder R. Guidance on the use of over-the-counter proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of GERD. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011;33:493-500.